The objectives of this experiment was to study the effect of supplemented irrigation and chemical fertilizer application rainfed chickpea production. The experiment was implemented in a split split plots based on RCBD with 36 treatments and 3 replications at Sararood Dry land Research Station during 1991-1994. The supplemented irrigation as the main plot was provided at four levels of each with main irrigation water applicated preflowering (I1), rod initiative (I2) and seed development (I3), in the control (I0), no supplemented irrigation was given. In the subplots phosphorous and nitrogen fertilizer were given at four levels of P0, P30, P60 and NO, N20, N40 respectively. The results showed that supplemented irrigation increased grain yield through increase in biomass production and grain weight. This increase was 28, 40 and 56% at 11, 12 and 13 respectively. Supplementary irrigation at 13 had the highest effect on increasing the grain yield and for every mm irrigation water given then, there is 5.9 kg/ha. Increase in grain yield. phosphorous application did not have a significant effection the yield. The effect of nitrogen (N20) during 1994-1995 on grain yeild was significant. Therefore application of supplementary irrigation along with 20 kg/ha nitrogen and no phosphorous is recommended for chickpea production in Sararood.

Introduction: Optimal growth and development of infants requires correct nutrition, and suitable alimentary habits. Mothers’ wrong use of supplementary nutrition and their lack of knowledge is one of the most important causes of malnutrition. This study was conducted in order to determine the knowledge and practice of supplementary nutrition among mothers with 6 -12 months old infants.Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 180 mothers with6 -12 month old infants, who were referring to health centers of Yasuj University and Medical Sciences, were selected by randomly sampling in 2008.Researchers attended different clinics in the morning shifts, and the questionnaires, which were used as data collecting tools, were completed by conducting interview with mothers. Afterwards, the collected data was analyzed by SPSS 17 software, using descriptive statistics, and Chi-square.Results: As the results show, the majority of mothers (78.3%) had sufficient knowledge of supplementary nutrition. Also, there were no significant differences in mother’s knowledge based on their age, occupation, educational level and birth order. Other results show that the majority of mothers (62.8%) had good practice regarding the nutrition of their infants (P=0.03). Also, there was appositive relationship between mother’s knowledge and practice of supplementary nutrition (P=0.04).Conclusion: According to this study, it can be concluded that the knowledge and practice of majority of mothers about supplementary nutrition sufficient. Moreover, in order to broaden the knowledge of the personnel in health centers, mass media must be used to find the important related issues.

Introduction The decrease in yield and quality levels of button mushrooms during the cultivation period is one of the important challenges of the mushroom production industry, due to the reduction of substrate nutrients and the accumulation of undesirable compounds. One of the solutions to prevent the decrease in yield and qualitative characteristics of edible mushrooms during different flushes is to enrich compost with nutrient supplements.Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of supplementary nutrition at different times on the yield indicators of button mushroom, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was conducted. Experimental treatments included four concentrations (C) of supplementary nutrition (0 (C1), 20 (C2), 40 (C3) and 60 (C4) g/L) (combination of two phases, the liquid phase includes micro and macro elements and amino acids, and the solid phase includes sucrose and dextrin) and two application times (one day after harvesting the first flush (T1) and the beginning of the second flush and the formation of pin (T2).Results and Discussion The findings of this research indicated the highest number of button mushroom was observed in C3T2 treatment by 215.89, which demonstrated a 20.35% increase compared to C1T2 treatment. The lowest single mushroom weight was measured in the first time of foliar spraying in C1T1 treatment and the highest single mushroom weight was obtained in the second time of foliar spraying in C3T2 and C2T2 treatments, respectively. The maximum length of the mushroom base was obtained in C2T2 treatment by 1.36 cm. Along with the increase in the concentration of nutritional solutions; the diameter of the cap showed a significant increase at T1 time, while at T2 time, this value showed a decreasing trend after the treatment of 20 g/L of nutrient solution. In addition, no significant difference was observed between the cap diameter of mushrooms treated with 20 and 40 g/L in treatments of C2T2 and C3T2, and the maximum cap diameter of mushrooms in these treatments was 3.73 and 3.67 cm, respectively. Enrichment of button mushroom compost by nutritional supplements can prevent severe yield reduction during different flushes.The number of mushrooms produced in two different times was not significant. It showed that the effect of using time of supplemental nutrition was more effective on the rapid growth of the formed pins than growth of new pins. The formation of pins and the number of mushrooms were under the influence of the amount of inoculation and used spawn in the compost. The positive results obtained from the foliar application of the nutrients showed that its compounds, including sucrose and dextrose and highly consumed elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and amino acids, have played an important role on the number, single weight of mushrooms and the cap diameter of mushroom. The use of nutrient solution in C3T2 treatment compared to C1T2 increased nitrogen percentage by 66.43%, protein by 66.22%, tissue firmness by 71.44% and biological efficiency of substrate by 66.32%, respectively. Pervious study showed that, the effect of different concentrations of three amino acids asparagine, glutamine and glycine on some quality indicators and performance components of white button mushroom was investigated and the results indicated that asparagine 150 ppm improved the yield and increased the protein content. High NPK content in mushroom substrates significantly shortens the rate of mycelium propagation and increases oyster mushroom growth. One of the basic criteria for a good mushroom substrate is the carbohydrate and nitrogen content to support mushroom growth.Also, using a concentration of 40 g/L of nutrient solution at the time of emergence of the second pin, in comparison with C1T2 treatment, increased the yield of the second flush by 64.15%, the yield of the third flush by 71.17%, the yield of all flushes by 26.79% and the total yield of composted by 26.76%, respectively. Carbon, with its structural role and presence in most organic compounds and providing energy for metabolic reactions, plays a significant role in the growth of button mushrooms. On the other hand, button mushrooms are able to use amino acids as a source of nitrogen. Therefore, it seems that the use of the above compounds in the nutrient solution used in this research has been able to produce favorable results both quantitatively and qualitatively in the studied button mushrooms. On the other hand, it seems that the presence of widely used elements such as phosphorus and potassium in the nutrients used in this research and the positive role of these elements in the production of nucleic acid, adenosine triphosphate, membrane phospholipids and enzyme reactions has been able to play a key role in increasing the quantitative and qualitative properties of button mushrooms.Conclusion The use of 40 g/L concentration of nutritional supplement at the time of the appearance of the second flush by affecting the percentage of dry matter, protein and tissue firmness increased the quality level of button mushrooms and enhanced quantitative level by improving yield indicators such as the number of mushrooms, single weight of mushroom, total yield of flushes and percentage of total yield of compost.

Background and Objective: Children suffering from failure to thrive (FTT) may have significant impairments in physical growth as well as cognitional and developmental functions. After 6 months of age approximately one third of the energy needed for a child should be provided by supplemental nourishments. Studies have shown that poverty itself is not a factor of malnutrition alone and the role of the mother’s knowledge in proper use of the family income and the use of the supplementary nutrition in appropriate time with proper food is significant. The aim of this study was to evaluate maternal knowledge about nutritional status of children and its related factors.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on three hundred mothers who had a child between 6 to 12 months, at the health care center of the community oriented medical education in Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. The mothers were interviewed about supplemental nutrition. Information about maternal age, education, number of children, and family income were also gathered.Results: One hundred eighty one (60.3%) of mothers were between the ages 20-29 years and 35.3% had only elementary education. Fifty five percent lived in rental houses and 47.5% had one child. 42.3% of them were found to have average knowledge. Eighty two percent knew the appropriate time to start supplemental nutrition but 92% did not know that the best time of supplemental nutrition was after breast feeding.Conclusion: According to this study, there was a significant relationship between maternal knowledge about supplemental nutrition and maternal age, education and the number of children (P<0.0001). However, there was no significant relationship between mother’s knowledge and family type of home ownership. It seems that up-grading maternal knowledge plays an important role in prevention of FTT.

The pattern of infant complementary feeding is related to social and cultural factors of the community. This cross-sectional descriptive study was designed to determine the pattern of infant's complementary feeding and its related factors in 12-36 months old children in urban and rural areas of Kohkiloyeh and Boirahmad province in 1380. The results of this study showed that 56.2% of city dweller mothers and 53.3% of country-dweller mothers started the first supplementation of their children's food at the age of 4-6 months. 31.5% of city-dweller mothers and 32.6% of country-dweller mothers started supplementation of their children's food earlier than the age of 4 months and 12.3% of urban mothers and 14.1% of rural mothers started supplementation later than the age of 7 months. Urban and rural mothers used similar patterns of complementary feeding: mostly rice - milk, fruit juice, and egg yolk. The mean age of first supplementation was found to be 5.6±3.2 months. Factors which increase the mean age of first supplementation were ruralism, gender (male), illiteracy of father, high literacy of mother and mother's employment.

Mothers' lack of knowledge of supplementary nutrition in 6-12 months old children is an important element causing dyfunction in child nutrition in this period of life and as a result leads to malnutrition and contributes to the high infant mortality. The aim of this research was to determine mothers' knowledge of child supplementary nutrition in Babol city and the surrounding villages.This is a descriptive and analytic Study. The information was gathered by questionnaires completed by 190 mothers in villages around Babol.The average knowledge of mothers in the rural region was good. Mothers who were 25-29 years old, had an optimum level of knowledge. Working mother were more informed than non-working mothers.Mothers with more than three children had less knowledge than mothers with only one child. 84.7 percent used to feed supplementary food at 6th month.Mothers living in the rural region had suitable degree of knowledge regarding the supplementary nutrition. 91 peresent of mothers living in rural region had a knowledge of more than the level. The results of this research are similar to those of other region of Iran and also other developing countries. It was shown that there are some factors playing a role in mothers' knowledge to supplementary nutrition such as the level of education, availability of health houses, and the information provided by media. However, it seems that with training of the health care workers and with more assistance of the media the mothers" knowledge regarding supplementary nutrition can improved.

This experiment was designed to survey the nutritive value and estimate protected-protein level of Protanomix as a new protein source and compare it with soybean meal. Protanomix is a brown powder by separating the precipitate produced from the reaction of tannin with corn-steep liquor. Crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) in this protein source is nearly similar to soybean meal, and more than 80% of its protein content is insoluble. In this study, potential of in vitro gas production in Protanomix was significantly (P˂0.001) lower than the control treatment (soybean meal); however, substitution of soybean meal at different levels of Protanomix in experimental diets did not lead to significant changes in gas production parameters (P˃0.05). Comparing Protanomix with soybean meal (control) showed that in vitro truly degraded dry matter (IVTDDM), estimated metabilizable energy (ME) and pH were similar (P˃0.05). However, short chain fatty acids (SCFA), apparently in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMAD) and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) were significantly higher in soybean meal (P˂0.01) than Protanomix, while partitioning factor (PF), microbial protein synthesis (MPS) and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) were greater in Protanomix than soybean meal (P˂0.05). Nonetheless, when soybean meal was substituted with different levels of Protanomix in the experimental diets, only concentration of ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) was significantly decreased (P˂0.001).

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplemental feed in early lactation on wool growth and quality of ewes and growth rate of sucking lambs. Thirty six ewes with similar conditions from a flock of autumn lambing of Arabi sheep of the Ramin Agricultural complex of Shahid Chamran University were included in this experiment. The ewes were divided into 4 groups of 9 sheep (with 3 groups of ewes were and 1 group were dry). The wet ewes allocated into 3 different levels of supplemental feed (0 (as conventionally similar to dry ewes), 350 and 700 grams/ ewe)) for a period of one month after lambing in a completely randomized design. Despite the similar live weight of 4 ewe groups at lambing time, the dry ewes were heavier (P<0.05) than wet ewes during whole period of 2 weeks interval from lambing to weaning. The same trend was found for body condition score. Live weight and body condition score of 3 groups of wet ewes were not affected (P>0.05) by levels of supplemental feed. With exception of those wet ewes were not affected (P>0.05) by levels of supplemental feed. With exception of those wet ewes offered 700g/day supplemental feed, the 2 other wet groups of ewes had significantly (P<0.05) slower wool growth rate than dry ewes during a 14 period weeks (from 2 weeks before lambing until weaning). The growth rate (g/d) of lambs reared by 2 offered supplemental feed group ewes greater (P<0.05) than lambs reared by conventionally ewes group during the whole period (10 weeks), but this superiority was accord during the first 6 weeks age of lambs not later 4 weeks. The differences of lamb growth rate between ewes offered 350 or 700-g/d supplemental feed were not significant (P>0.05). these results are shown that by offering 350 g/d supplemental feed can improve only lamb growth rate, but using 700-g/d supplemental feed can improve both lamb and wool growth rate. Thus, it is recommended that, for similar conventional system of Iranian sheep production, like this experiment a high quality supplemental feed at least 350 g/d should be offered to the early lactation period of the autumn lambing of ewes.

Pulses form stable dietary components for majority of population across the world. Different people consume pulses in different ways like Uncooked, Soaked, and cooked or only cooked without soaking. All these processing techniques lead to changes in the nutritional value of the pulses. Studies have also reported that in addition to nutritional components like Proteins, Carbohydrates, and fats, pulses also contain anti-nutritional components like Lectins, Tannins, and Polyphenols that greatly interfere with digestion of pulses in the human intestine. Hence in the current study a comprehensive review is being compiled to evaluate the nutritional and antinutritional aspects of pulses and effect of processing methods on invitro protein and starch digestibility of the pulses.

According to the European Cement Association, CEMBUREAU, in 2015, the global cement production was 4. 6 billion tons. Traditional cement production emits approximately 1 ton of CO2per ton of cement, which represents almost 80% of the totalCO2emissions of concrete and approximately 6% of the world’ s emissions. Among supplementary cementitious materials, the use of agro-waste ash emerges due to its reduced CO2emissions, chloride diffusion, and materials cost, in addition toits greater compressive strength. In Colombia, the disposal of agro-wastes, such as tobacco waste, is an environmental andeconomic concern. In this study, ash obtained from tobacco waste (TWA) was studied as a sustainable partial replacementfor cement in hydraulic concrete. The TWA was reduced to a particle size of less than 75 μ m and was characterized by X-rayflorescence. A central composite design was used to study the influence of the ash replacement percentage of cement andthe water/binder (w/b) ratio on the compressive strength at 28 days. The results show that it is possible to replace 10% of thecement with TWA using a 0. 5 w/b ratio and obtain a 51% higher compressive strength than the control mixture at 28 days. Moreover, the experimental results demonstrated an improvement of 86% in the 7-day compressive strength when TWAwas used.